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Un quatrième ancêtre découvert dans le Caucase

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Message  Admin Lun 16 Nov 2015 - 16:35

Finding a fourth strand of ancient European ancestry
Posted on November 16, 2015
Un quatrième ancêtre découvert dans le Caucase Cave-800x600
View from the Satsurblia cave in Western Georgia, where a human right temporal bone dating from over 13,000 years ago was discovered. Image: Trinity College Dublin

A previously unknown “fourth strand” of ancient European ancestry has been discovered by sequencing ancient genomes extracted from human remains that date back to the Late Upper Palaeolithic period over 13,000 years ago. This new found lineage stems from hunter-gatherers that split from western hunter-gatherers shortly after the ‘out of Africa’ expansion some 45,000 years ago. They then went on to settle in the Caucasus region, where southern Russia meets Georgia today.
These hunter-gatherers largely remained here for millennia, becoming increasingly isolated as the Ice Age culminated in the last ‘Glacial Maximum’ some 25,000 years ago, which they weathered in the relative shelter of the Caucasus mountains until eventual thawing allowed movement and brought them into contact with other populations, likely from further east.

Yamnaya culture

This genetic mixture resulted in the Yamnaya culture who were horse-borne Steppe herders. These people swept into Western Europe around 5,000 years ago, arguably heralding the start of the Bronze Age and bringing with them metallurgy and animal herding skills, along with the Caucasus hunter-gatherer strand of ancestral DNA – now present in almost all populations from the European continent.
The research was conducted by an international team led by scientists from Cambridge University, Trinity College Dublin and University College Dublin. The findings are published today in the journal Nature Communications (open access).
The question of where the Yamnaya come from has been something of a mystery up to now,” said one of the lead senior authors Dr Andrea Manica, from Cambridge’s Department of Zoology.
We can now answer that as we’ve found that their genetic make-up is a mix of Eastern European hunter-gatherers and a population from this pocket of Caucasus hunter-gatherers who weathered much of the last Ice Age in apparent isolation. This Caucasus pocket is the fourth major strand of ancient European ancestry, one that we were unaware of until now,” he said
Professor Daniel Bradley, leader of the Trinity team, said: “This is a major new piece in the human ancestry jigsaw, the influence of which is now present within almost all populations from the European continent and many beyond.
Previously, ancient Eurasian genomes had revealed three ancestral populations that contributed to contemporary Europeans in varying degrees, says Manica.

Un quatrième ancêtre découvert dans le Caucase Cave1Some went east, while others went west

Following the ‘out of Africa’ expansion, some hunter-gatherer populations migrated north-west, eventually colonising much of Europe from Spain to Hungary, while other populations settled around the eastern Mediterranean and Levant, where they would develop agriculture around 10,000 years ago. These early farmers then expanded into and colonised Europe.
Finally, at the start of the Bronze Age around 5,000 years ago, there was a wave of migration from central Eurasia into Western Europe – the Yamnaya.
DNA from ancient samples is notoriously difficult to work with as it degrades over time and has often vanished before researchers are able to analyse it. The cool, dry environments found in caves can be excellent for DNA preservation and, by targeting cave sites, the researchers were able to recover the genomes of two individuals who lived in Georgia in the Caucasus 13,300 and 9,700 years ago.  This has enabled scientists to reveal that the Yamnaya owed half their ancestry to previously unknown and genetically distinct hunter-gatherer sources: the fourth strand.
By reading the DNA, the researchers were able to show that the lineage of this fourth Caucasus hunter-gatherer strand diverged from the western hunter-gatherers just after the expansion of anatomically modern humans into Europe from Africa.
The Caucasus hunter-gatherer genome showed a continued mixture with the ancestors of the early farmers in the Levant area, which Manica says makes sense given the relative proximity. This ends, however, around 25,000 years ago – just before the time of the last glacial maximum, or peak Ice Age.
At this point, Caucasus hunter-gatherer populations shrink as the genes homogenise, a sign of breeding between those with increasingly similar DNA. This doesn’t change for thousands of years as these populations remain in apparent isolation in the shelter of the mountains – possibly cut off from other major ancestral populations for as long as 15,000 years – until migrations began again as the Glacial Maximum recedes, and the Yamnaya culture ultimately emerges.
We knew that the Yamnaya had this big genetic component that we couldn’t place, and we can now see it was this ancient lineage hiding in the Caucasus during the last Ice Age,” said Manica.

Significant influence further east

While the Caucasus hunter-gatherer ancestry would eventually be carried west by the Yamnaya, the researchers found it also had a significant influence further east. A similar population must have migrated into South Asia at some point, says Eppie Jones, a PhD student from Trinity College who is the first author of the paper.
India is a complete mix of Asian and European genetic components. The Caucasus hunter-gatherer ancestry is the best match we’ve found for the European genetic component found right across modern Indian populations,” Jones said. Researchers say this strand of ancestry may have flowed into the region with the bringers of Indo-Aryan languages.
The widespread nature of the Caucasus hunter-gatherer ancestry following its long isolation makes sense geographically, says Professor Ron Pinhasi, a lead senior author from University College Dublin. “The Caucasus region sits almost at a crossroads of the Eurasian landmass, with arguably the most sensible migration routes both west and east in the vicinity.”
He added: “The sequencing of genomes from this key region will have a major impact on the fields of palaeogeneomics and human evolution in Eurasia, as it bridges a major geographic gap in our knowledge.”
The influence of the Caucasus hunter-gatherer genome is also apparent further east. A population like them left its imprint on modern peoples from central and South Asia, where this strand of ancestry may have flowed in with the bringers of Indo-Aryan languages.
Director of the Georgian National Museum, co-author of the paper and leader of the team who discovered the 1.8 million-year-old human skeletons in Georgia, David Lordkipanidze, said: “This is the first sequence from Georgia – I am sure soon we will get more palaeogenetic information from our rich collections of fossils.

http://www.pasthorizonspr.com/index.php/archives/11/2015/finding-a-fourth-strand-of-ancient-european-ancestry
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Un quatrième ancêtre découvert dans le Caucase Empty Re: Un quatrième ancêtre découvert dans le Caucase

Message  Admin Ven 20 Nov 2015 - 15:12

Voici un 2nd article de Sciences et Avenir :

http://www.sciencesetavenir.fr/archeo-paleo/archeologie/20151118.OBS9745/une-4e-tribu-ancestrale-aux-origines-des-europeens-modernes.html

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